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Famous
Engineers > James Watt
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James
Watt
James Watt (January 19, 1736 - August 19, 1819) was a Scottish
mathematician and engineer whose improvements to the steam engine
were a key stage in the Industrial Revolution.
He was born in Greenock, Scotland, and lived and worked in Birmingham,
England. He was a key member of the Lunar Society. Many of his papers
are in Birmingham Central Library.
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| Timeline |
1736:
Born in Greencock, Scotland.
1754: Learnt the trade of mathematical-instrument making in London
before returning to Glasgow.
1763: Repaired a Newcomen steam engine, which started him thinking
about ways to improve the engine.
1765: While wandering through the Glasgow Green's "Golf Course",
comes upon the idea of a separate condensing chamber for the
steam engine.
1765–1770: Erected a range of full-size Newcomen engines in Scotland.
1767: Surveyor of Forth and Clyde canal.
1769: Patented separate condensing chamber for steam engine.
1774: Started a business in Soho, near Birmingham, with Matthew Boulton
to manufacture his improved Watt steam engine.
1781: Converted reciprocal engine motion to rotary motion.
1782: Invented double-acting engine.
1784: Patented a steam locomotive.
1788: Adapted centrifugal governor for use on steam engine.
1790: Adopted a pressure gauge.
1800: Retired to Heathfield Hall near Birmingham.
Engineering
Achievements
Watt
adopted the centrifugal governor to regulate the speed of a steam
engine. (This was already in use for governing wind and watermills.)
He invented the parallel motion linkage to convert circular motion
to an approximate straight line motion (of which he was most proud)
and the steam indicator to measure steam pressure in the cylinder
throughout the working cycle of the engine, so showing its efficiency.
Watt greatly helped the development of the embryonic steam engine
into a viable and economic means of power generation. He realised
that the Newcomen steam engine was wasting nearly three quarters of
the steam energy in heating the piston and chamber. Watt developed
a separate condenser chamber which significantly increased the efficiency.
Further refinements (insulation of the steam cylinder, the double-acting
engine, a counter, an indicator, and a throttle valve) made the steam
engine his life's work.
Watt was opposed to the use of high pressure steam, and is held by
some to have held back the technical development of the steam engine
by other engineers, until his patents expired in 1800. With his partner
Matthew Boulton he battled against rival engineers such as Jonathan
Hornblower who tried to develop engines which did not fall foul of
his 'catch-all' patents. Boulton proved an excellent businessman,
and both men eventually made fortunes.
He introduced a unit called the horsepower to compare the power output
of steam engines, his version of the unit being equivalent to 550
foot-pounds per second (about 745.7 watts).
Watt also invented several other things, not least a copying device
for letters.
Legacy
James
Watt's model of the steam engine converted a machine of limited use
to one of efficiency and many applications. It was the foremost energy
source in the emerging Industrial Revolution, and greatly multiplied
its productive capacity. (Without it, humans might have continued
to provide power.) It was also essential in later transportation advancements,
such as the steamboat and locomotive.
Remembrance
The
SI unit of power, the watt, is named after him. So is, at least in
part, Edinburgh's Heriot-Watt University.
He is also remembered by the Moonstones, two individual statues, and
a statue of him, Boulton and Murdoch, by William Bloye, and a school
named in his honour, all in Birmingham.
There are 4 colleges named after him in Scotland, James Watt College
in Kilwinning (North Ayrshire Campus) and Greenock (2 in Greenock,
Finnart Campus and Waterfront Campus) and a campus in Largs.
Matthew Boulton's home, Soho House, is now a museum, commemorating
the work of both men.
There are over 50 roads or streets named after him, in the UK.
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